The causative virus is passed transovarially by the female tick to the larvae, where it can survive for over 3 months. In uganda, the disease has been rcported, mainly on clinical grounds, as the cause of a high mortality in sheep in mengo. List of infectious sheep and goat diseases wikipedia. Nairobi sheep disease nsd is a tickborne viral disease of sheep and goats characterized by fever and hemorrhagic gastroenteritis, abortion, and high mortality. Reporting of the following diseases to the state veterinarian must occur within 2 business days. In kenya, the disease appears to be endemic in the kedong valley, the kikuyu reserve and the environs of nairobi. Nairobi sheep disease peste des petits ruminants salmonella salmonella. Thermal and ph stability of nairobi sheep disease nsd virus were studied.
Nsd has a high mortality rate in susceptible sheep and goats. All authors read and approved the final manuscript. Despite the two names, nsdv and ganjam virus are now considered to be the same virus, which belongs to the genus nairovirus in the family bunyaviridae. First identified in nairobi, kenya, in 1910, it is considered endemic in east africa 1,3. When several references are cited, they may give conflicting information on the status. Only a small number of tick species are vectors of important economic diseases or toxicosis in subsaharan. Nairobi sheep disease is a viral disease of sheep and goats that causes hemorrhagic gastroenteritis with very high morbidity and mortality. Antibodies to the core proteins of nairobi sheep disease virus. Nairobi sheep disease nsd virus is the prototype of the tickborne nsd serogroup, genus nairovirus, family bunyaviridae.
Nsd is found in east and central africa, and causes acute hemorrhagic gastroenteritis in sheep and goats. Pdf the nairovirus nairobi sheep disease virusganjam virus. The disease is endemic in kenya, uganda, tanzania, somalia. Nairobi sheep disease was isolated from pools of rhipicephalus appendiculatus but not from many pools of other tick species. Nairobi sheep disease virus nsdv infects sheep and goats and is transmitted by ticks. Diseases table top of page arbovirus infections nairobi sheep disease. The nairobi sheep disease orthonairovirus nsdv, also known as ganjam virus is a species in the genus orthonairovirus belonging to the nairobi sheep. Dec 23, 2016 the nairobi sheep disease nsd virus is transmitted by the tick species rhipicephalus appendiculatus and causes severe losses in sheep in east africa. Ganjam virus, a variant of nsdv, is found in india and sri lanka. Nairobi sheep disease nsd was identified as a problem in sheep and goats in kenya in 1910 annual report agricultural department, kenya, 19. Orthonairovirus is a genus in the family nairoviridae of the order bunyavirales that include viruses with circular, negativesense single stranded rna.
Nairobi sheep disease virus, an important tickborne pathogen. Nairobi sheep disease virus nsdv was first recognised in 1917 as the causative agent of a disease that was affecting sheep brought up from the masai region of kenya for sale in the nairobi livestock markets 1. The register date on each page is the date the chapter was last published. Nairobi sheep disease virus induces a proinflammatory. Sheep and goat diseases, infections and infestations contagious agalactia clinical disease infection with brucella melitenisis infection with chlamydophila abortus enzootic abortion of ewes, ovine chlamydiosis infection with mycoplasma capricolum subsp.
Nairobi sheep disease was seen principally upon movement of susceptible animals. In susceptible animals, this tickborne viral infection results in a hemorrhagic gastroenteritis with very high morbidity and mortality rates. Ganv belongs to the genus nairovirus of the family bunyaviridae and is closely associated antigenically with nairobi sheep disease virus nsdv, the most pathogenic virus known to. Communitybased animal health workers in the horn of africa. Nairobi sheep disease is caused by nairobi sheep disease virus nsdv in africa a variant called ganjam virus in asia. Nairobi sheep disease virus, an important tickborne pathogen of sheep and goats in africa, is also present in asia. The disease was characterized by the sudden onset of pyrexia with prostration, followed by a profuse foetid diarrhoea. To file a complaint of discrimination, write usda, director, office of civil rights, room. The following format can be used to cite this factsheet. It is highly pathogenic for sheep and goats, causes disease in humans, and is widespread throughout east africa. Currently, its officially accepted species name is dugbe nairovirus. The disease was first identified near nairobi, kenya in 1910, and nsd virus was shown to be the causative agent in 1917.
An outbreak of sheep and goat pox disease in a farm in. Prof maxime madder, prof ivan horak, dr hein stoltsz licensed under a. Pdf nairobi sheep disease virus rna in ixodid ticks. The authors are very grateful to the immeasurable efforts of many scientists who have devoted much of their time in documenting the management systems and diseases of small ruminants with particular reference to those occurring in the subsaharan region. Nairobi sheep disease neospora newcastle disease nipah virus onchorhynchus masou virus disease ovine progressive pneumonia ovine pulmonary adenomatosis paratuberculosis johnes disease peste des petits ruminants plague y. The results show that inoculation of tissue culture bhk 21 c with suspensions of infected organs or plasma followed by fluorescent antibody tests on coverslip preparations gave the quickest means of identification. Zoonosis update american veterinary medical association. Nairobi sheep disease virus the pirbright institute.
Nairobi sheep disease virus rna in ixodid ticks, china, 20. Reportable animal diseases western australia declared pests under the biosecurity and agriculture management act 2007 updated on 1 may 20 remains valid until amended by approval of the chief veterinary officer. Nairobi sheep disease nsd was first observed as acute hemorrhagic gastroenteritis near nairobi, kenya in 1910. It was not until 1917 that the causative agent was identified as a virus that infected both sheep and goats. Please see the ahpc library for further information on this disease from oie, including the international animal health code and the manual of standards for.
Mortality is higher among indigenous breeds than among exotic and crossbred sheep or goats. Ganjam virus nairobi sheep disease virus induces a proinflammatory response in infected sheep abid bin tarif, lidia lasecka, barbara holzer and michael d baron abstract partly due to climate change, and partly due to changes of human habitat occupation, the impact of tickborne viruses is increasing. Nairobi sheep disease nsd was identified as a problem in sheep. Nairobi sheep disease group 3 3 nairobi sheep disease virus 3 dugbe virus qalyub virus 2 sakhalin virus 3 thiafora virus phlebovirus genus 2 buyaru virus 3 itaituba virus 2 chilibre virus 2 frijoles virus sandfly fever naples group 3 buenaventura virus 2 candiru virus. Zoonosis update abbreviations bsl biosafety level mp12 modified passage12x pfu plaqueforming unit rt reverse transcription rvf rift valley fever. It got its name from the nairobi sheep disease that affects the gastrointestinal tracts of sheep and goats. The genus is divided into at least nine serogroups. Mandatory disease reporting per arizona administrative code r3. Pulmonary adenomatosis, nairobi sheep disease, maedivisna or rabies 12 months prior to shipment in the area of origin.
The disease was first identified near nairobi, kenya, in 1910, and nsd virus was shown to be the causative agent in 1917. References emerging and exotic diseases of animals. The virus is transmitted by ixodid ticks and causes a severe hemorrhagic disease. The distribution in this summary table is based on all the information available. Nsdv has a singlestranded rna genome, that is surrounded by a capsid and an envelope. Nairobi sheep disease nsd is a tickborne viral disease of sheep and. The laboratory diagnosis of nairobi sheep disease springerlink. Ganjam virus has caused disease in goats and humans in india. Get a printable copy pdf file of the complete article 803k, or click on a. Pdf nairobi sheep disease virus rna in ixodid ticks, china. National notifiable disease list of terrestrial animals as of. List of viruses and unconventional agents presenting at. The virus belongs to the family bunyaviridae, in the genus nairovirus.
The virus is sensitive to acid ph 3, ether and to sodium descoxycholate terpstra, 1969. Wikimedia commons has media related to diseases and disorders of sheep pages in category sheep and goat diseases the following 56 pages are in this category, out of 56 total. Virus particles are released by exocytosis and by cell lysis. Welcome to cdc stacks centers for disease control and. The hughes and sakhalin serogroups appear to be sister groups. Nairobi sheep disease medical definition merriamwebster. In totally susceptible populations, mortality rates of over 90% regularly occur. No virus was isolated from the blood or tissues of a range of wild ruminants and rodents. December 2008 4 crimeancongo hemorrhagic fever virus 2 hazara virus 2 dera ghazi khan virus 2 hughes virus nairobi sheep disease group.
It is transmitted by an ixodid tick, both transstadially and transovarially and causes an acute gastroenteritis. List of viruses and unconventional agents presenting at the. Nairobi sheep disease orthonairovirus nsd is the prototype virus of the genus. This highly pathogenic, tickborne virus is a world. Ganjam virusnairobi sheep disease virus induces a pro. B114 malignant catarrhal fever specify wildebeest or sheep form b115 bovine spongiform encephalopathy bse n158 epizootic hemorrhagic disease ehd c6 melioidosis burkholderia pseudomallei caprine and ovine a010 foot. Overview of nairobi sheep disease generalized conditions. Virus replication occurs in the cytoplasm and by budding from the membranes of smooth surface intracellular vesicles associated with the golgi complex. Nairobi sheep disease virus and ganjam virus are transmitted by tick bites. Sheep and goats are both small ruminants with cosmopolitan distributions due to their being kept historically and in modern times as grazers both individually and in herds in return for their production of milk, wool, and meat.
An epizootic of nairobi sheep disease in uganda sciencedirect. Nairobi sheep disease is probably the most pathogenic virus known for sheep and goats. Ganv belongs to the genus nairovirus of the family bunyaviridae and is closely associated antigenically with nairobi sheep disease virus nsdv, the most pathogenic virus known to sheep and goats in africa 2. Nairobi sheep disease salmonellosis screwworm sheep and goat pox tickborne fever all federally reportable and notifiable rabies disease caused by any toxic substance that is a threat to animal or human health your responsibility as a producer, you know your operation inside out. Oct 19, 2012 nairobi sheep disease virus nsdv and ganjam virus gv are two names for the same virus, which causes disease in sheep and goats and is currently known to be circulating in india and east africa. Nairobi sheep disease virus nsdv of the genus nairovirus causes a. Sop manual 2 nairobi sheep disease etiology and ecology 1. The laboratory methods available for the isolation and identification of nairobi sheep disease virus have been compared. Nairobi sheep disease virus rna in ixodid ticks, china, 20 article pdf available in emerging infectious diseases 214. Translation find a translation for nairobi sheep disease virus in other languages. Montgomerys seminal work established that the disease occurred only in sheep and, to a lesser extent, goats, and was spread only via ixodid ticks, not directly from sheep to sheep. Because of the existing and increasing possibility of the occurrences of highly contagious or infectious diseases which threaten to destroy the livestock of this.
Fever, leukopenia, rapid breath, anorexia, depression, and bloody diarrhea. Pdf nairobi sheep disease virus nsdv of the genus nairovirus causes a haemorrhagic gastroenteritis in sheep and goats with mortality up. The 180th mouse brain passage lost infectivity at a higher rate than wild virus at 4 degrees c. Sheep and goat pox is a contagious viral disease of small ruminant goat and sheep where morbidity in adult sheep and goats may range up to 80% with some subclinical infections and. Nairobi sheep disease is a one of the most pathogenic diseases of small ruminants.
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